To understand the use of dyes,we need to trace back to 3000B.C.During 3000 B.C,dyes were obtained from plant:roots,leaves,bark or berries.But they had certain drawbacks,they were difficult to be adhered on fibers,unless with the help from mordant(a substance that helped fix the color to the fiber),they were difficult to obtain,and the colors were not very colorfast,colors would be gone if they were washed.
Blue was favored by people,indigofera tinctoria was the main source of blue dye indigo.Actually, indigo-producing plants do not appear to be blue,but blue color appears after a series of reactions.This property of could be accidentally discovered by people when the leaves were soaked in urine or covered with ashes.Indican is responsible for the color of indigo,and it is found in all indigo-producing plants.Indican itself is colorless,but it can become colorful after a fermentation reaction and a oxidation in air,forming indigo,which is responsible for the indigo color.
Tyrian purple was one of the most expensive the ancient dyes,because it was very scarce.Tyrian purple came from marine mollusk or nail.A enormous number of shellfish was required to produce just one gram of Tyrian purple.That was why Tyrian purple so scarce,only kings and emperors could wear them. Because of the great demand of Tyrian purple and vast catch of shellfish,shellfish were in danger of becoming extinct.
At the end of nineteenth century,synthetic indigo became possible.Johann Friedrich,a German chemist,invented a way to make man-made indigo through seven chemical steps.His invention symbolized the end of industries that made indigo from natural source.The drawback of synthetic indigo is the lack of colorfastness,but this drawback perfectly fit jeans,and we would think this drawback as a fashion advantage.
In fact,the colors we see do not come from the objects themselves.For example,when we look at a black paper,the black color do not come from the paper,instead,what we see is the light that reflected to our eyes from the paper.Black paper would absorb all wavelength of the light,because black has a very strong ability to absorb wavelength,wavelengths of light are all absorbed,giving us a black color.On the contrary,white paper do not absorb wavelength or just absorb a very small amount of wavelength,giving us a white color.Different molecules have different ability to absorb wavelength of the light.If only the wavelength of red light are absorbed,then the refelcted light is green.The ability of molecules absorbing wavelength of light is due to their chemical structures:presence of double bonds alternating with single bonds.Author cited two examples in the book.Indigo(blue) can be made through a series of reaction from Indican,which is colorless and they have very similar structure.However,Indigo has twice indican’s number of alternating single and double bonds,that is what makes Indigo blue.
Beside presence of double bond alternating with single bond,OH group is responsible for the colors.Alizarin is responsible for the red color of Turkey red.Alizarin is the derivative of Anthraquinone,which is colorless.By comparing their structures,we can notice that they are extremely similar,the difference is Alizarin has two more OH groups than Anthraquinone,which are attached to the benzene ring one the right side.This small difference gives Alizarin ability to absorb wavelength of light.Lawsone(reddish-orange),coloring matter in Indian henna(used for centuries as a hair and skin dye),and juglone(brown),found in walnuts,are derivatives of Naphthoquinone,which is colorless.If we were to look at their structures,we will notice again that they are very similar.Naphtho quinone does not have any OH groups.Both Juglone and Lawsone have one OH group,but on the different position.For Juglone has a OH group on the right side benzene ring,and Lawsone has a OH group attached to the left side.We can see that different position of OH group gives,for Juglone has a color of brown,and Lawsone has a color of reddish-orange.
Echinochrome,another derivative of Naphthoquinone,has five OH groups.Carminic acid(red),the main component of cochineal, was got from the bodies of female cochineal beetle.Cochineal was really expensive,it took about seventy thousand insect bodies to produce just one pound of dye.
There are also some sort of dyes derived from animals.Saffron is obtained from the stigmas of crocus.Crocetin is the molecule of saffron. Again,the presence of alternating single and double bonds is responsible for the color.
During 17th century,synthetic dyes had been created.Picric acid,the first man-made dyes,was also used in munitions in World War one.Picric acid was used as a dye for wool and silk.But it has some certain drawbacks that it is explosive,lack of colorfastness,and is not easy to be obtained.
During 1856,William Henry Perkin had synthesized an artificial dye that with good quality and became quickly favored by people.His original idea was to make synthetic quinine.One of his experiment produced a substance that dissolve in ethanol and give a deep purple solution.He quickly notice that this new substance could be used as a purple dye.He finally became very rich.
William Henry Perkin was looking to synthesize a synthetic quinine and accidentally created a deep purple solution. This purple solution made him rich. Whats with people and accidentally getting rich in this book, i wish i get lucky like that.
回复删除It is very interesting that Dyes molecules changed the history.Imagine the world without colors, it would be boring and dull.The thing that stand out the most is the Perkin's mauve was only one of the synthetic dye compounds involved in this remarkable transformation and had influenced on the course of world events.
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