Silk,originated in China,is widely used in clothing industries to make clothes.Legend says that silk was discovered by Hsi-ling-shih,who is the chief concubine of the Chinese emperor Huang-ti.She found a delicate thread of silk from insect cocoon.A silkworm moth could lay five hundred eggs over a five-day period,one gram of these egg produce more than a thousand silkworm.After a month these silkworms would start spinning their cocoons,where we get our silks from.
Silk,like animal fibers,is a protein which is made from twenty-two different α-amino acids.a amino acid contains two functional group:amino group(NH2) and an organic acid group(COOH),which are attached to the left and right sides of the carbon atom,
R
NH2-CH-COOH
R represents random,which means that α-amino acid could vary from one another due to their different R groups,and different α-amino acids have different properties,that is why a-amino acids differ in twenty-two ways.The smallest amino acid is glycine,where R group represent H(only one atom).There are also many other small amino acid, for example alanine(where R represents CH3),and Serine(where R represents CH2OH).Although they have very small side groups,but these three amino acid consist about 85 percent of silk’s overall structure.Actually,having small-side groups is a very important factor for amino acids,their simple side groups give people smooth feelings.
Silk is polymer,amino acids in silk do not exist individually,instead,they tend to react with each other,forming polymer.Two Amino acid units combine through a condensation reaction,eliminating a molecule and forming a what we call it peptide bond,and the end of combination can still reaction with next amino acid,becoming longer and longer.Unlike cellulose polymer,protein polymers do not repeat,because side groups in proteins differ.
In silk---glycine,serine and alanine are combined together by a specific order,forming a zigzag structure with the side groups alternating on each side.Each zigzag structure attracts another one,forming a pleated a sheet structure with R groups on the top ,which is responsible for many physical properties such as smoothness and brightness.The remaining 15-20 percents of silk are other amino acids,whose side groups can easily bond with dye molecules,that is why silks are very easy to be dyed.
Because of the great demand of silk,people started trying to make man-made silks.However,synthetic silk is really hard to make,because of the existence of R groups,which could vary from many different ways.So,it is impossible to make synthetic silk. Even if synthetic silk was produced,its costs would be much larger than natural silk.Author identified the difference between ‘synthetic’ and ‘artificial’.Synthetic compound means a man-made compound that has exactly the same formula,chemical structure and properties as natural one.Artificial compound means a man-made compound that has different formula and different chemical structure,but same properties as natural one.So finding a artificial silk compound seems to be good way to satisfy the great demand of silk.The funny thing is ,artificial silk was found by a French count Hilarire de Chardonnet accidently.He discovered that artificial silks can be made from collodion solution.But unfortunately,his silk was highly flammable,because his silk was spun from a solution of nitrocellulose,which is flammable and even explosive,his business was soon closed.
During 1901,a new method of making man-made silk was discovered by Charles Cross and Edward Bevan in England.They named their silk ‘viscose’ due to its high viscosity.Their process is still being used today to produce what is called rayon,which can be easily dyed to any color.However,rayon absorbs water,causing it so sag.
During 1938,a noncellulose-based nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers,who was hired by Du pont Fibersilk company.Nylon is a polyamide,which is made from two different monomer units:adipic acid molecule that has two acid groups and 1.6-diaminohexiane that has two amine groups.These two molecules bond together through condensation reaction by eliminating a water molecule between the ends of two molecules,from the H atom from NH2 and OH from COOH.Carother’s nylon is known as nylon 66,because each monomer unit has six carbon atoms.Nylon had most of advantages of silk,and just had a few drawbacks,so nylon became quickly favored by people.Nylon 66 was also used in many products such as fishing lines,tennis and badminton rackets.
All in all,nylon and silk played a significant role in society,for they brought great wealth to people and stimulated fashions in clothing.Even now, they are still favored by people.
Very interesting how Hsi-ling-shih found a thread of silk from a silkworm moth cocoon. I wonder how many cocoons were used for one silk dress. I actually didn't know that nylon was the synthetic version of silk
回复删除Just one gram of silkworm eggs give over 1000 silkworms... Wow. Silkworms start off really small but amount to huge things for us.
回复删除I find it interesting how silk comes from a worm.
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