Sugar plays a significant role in our society,people generally use sugar as flavor enhancer,and factories use sugars vastly in making candies and desserts.Without sugar,our society would be totally different.
We name sugar after its source.For example,sugar from cane is called cane sugar,sugar from corn is called corn sugar.
Sugar originated in South Pacific or southern India,and reached Europe with returning Crusaders during the thirteenth century..sugar was used as a disguiser of the bad tastes of medicines.By fifteen century,the status of sugar had greatly improved and the demand of sugar had become very high.However,sugar cultivation required a intensive workload.So European fueled manpower shortage by using enslaved Aficans.Millions of African slaves were sent to New World to work on sugar plantation.And they live in extremely rough condition while they traveled from Afriacn to Europe.In order to load as many African slaves as possible,500 African slaves could be packed up in a very limited condition.
A German chemist first determined the structure of glucose,which had twelve hydrogen atoms,six oxygen atoms and six carbon atoms.Because the scientific tools and techniques were very limited,he could not determine the actual shape of glucose,but he was still awarded Nobel price on 1902.
Now,technologies allow us to determine the shape of glucose.Glucose has a ring structure that consists of five carbon atoms and one oxygen carbon,the sixth carbon atom is attached to the fifth carbon outside the ring.
There are two versions of glucose in cyclic form,one that has a OH group above the first carbon atom is know as α glucose,and the other one that has OH group below the first carbon atom is know as β glucose.
The sugar that we usually use is sucrose,The main component of sucrose is glucose,glucose is also called disaccharide,because it is composed of two units:glucose unit and fructose unit.Glucose and fructose have same formulas:C6H12O6,and their shapes are quite similar.when Glucose and Fructose are joined together,they will form Sucrose through a condensation reaction where H and OH join together and form a H2O molecule.
Lactose,which is known as milk sugar,is found in dairy products.Lactose is also a disaccharide like sucrose,it consists of a glucose unit and a galactose unit.The only difference between galactose and glucose is the positon of OH group.In galactose,OH group is above the carbon number four.And in glucose,OH group is below the carbon number four.Unlike sucrose,the fructose unit is replaced by galactose unit,forming lactose.
Both lactose and sucrose have a glucose group.The difference between lactose and sucrose seems to be minor,but many people suffer the indigestion of lactose.People need specific enzymes to digest lactose,which is called lactase,and lactase is present in only small amounts in some adults.So those people who lack of lactase would feel uncomfortable if they drink or eat lactose-contained foods or drinks.
People have four senses of taste:sourness,bitterness,saltiness and sweetness,our taste is located in the taste buds,and each area on our tongues has different abilities to detect taste.For example,the tips of our tongues have a stronger ability to detect sweetness,and sourness is detected strongly on the side of tongue,bitterness is detected strongly on the middle of tongue.If we take two drops of lemon juice,and put these two drops on the tip and side of tongue respectively,we will feel that side detect sourness better.
How do our tongues detect sweetness?The relationship between chemical structure and sweetness is very complicated,it can be explained clearly.To understand it in a simple way,it is believed that atom AH group in sugar and atom B on our tongue make us have a sweet taste. AH group in sugar can allow make B atom on tongue attached to its hydrogen,giving us a sweet taste. A and B are usually oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
Since we already know how sugar works to show its sweet property,people then were able to make artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin.Saccharin was the first artificial sweetener,and it had no calorific ,so it could be used as a replacement of sugar for those diabetic patients.However, artificial sweeteners had some problems,some of them decomposed on heating condition,some of them were water insoluble,some of them gave people a bad taste.So people were seeking natural non sugar sweeteners.
There are also many other sweet compounds,but some of them are harmful to our body.For example,Ethylene glycol is used as a antifreeze in car radiator.It shows its sweet taste due to its shape,but it is very poisonous,only a small quantity of Ethylene glycol can cause the death of a human being.Actually,Ethylene glycol is not poisonous itself,it becomes poisonous through a series of reaction in our body.Ethylene can be made into Oxalic acid through a oxidation reaction,Oxalic is poisonous.
Glycerol,another sweet compound,is alright to be eaten by human ,glycerol is widely used as additive when making wine.It increases the viscosity and smoothness of wine.
Can we live without sugar?The answer is definitely no,no just because sugar can satisfy our tongues,but also sugar provides essential nutrition to our body,keeping us healthy.
I can't believe that sugar was one of the reasons for slavery, how could people want sugar that badly. What I found interesting was how our tongues detect sweetness, the AH group in the sugar and the B group on our tongues allows us to detect sweetness, its amazing how things can fit together.
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回复删除I never though that because of the production of sugar, the slavery can be developed. And also I never though that there are two type of glucose the beta and the alpha which are chemically isomerism to each other.But thanks to glucose we enjoy the sweetness and deliciousness of the food we eat.
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