From 14th to 18th century.The word “witch”was common among people. However,the word witch was considered as a bad thing.When diasters happened ,people would always point their fingers at witches.Men,children,especially women who were considered as witch would be burned on the stake.
Many of women accused of witchcraft were herbalists,they used local plants to cure diseases.Of course,they also provide some ‘magic stuff’ like love potions(maybe just aphrodisia).And the local plants that they provided did have healing effect,and local people thought it was the magic from witches healed them.
Salicylic acid,from the willow tree,and Digitalis,from the common foxglove Digitalis purpurea,were favored by ‘witches’.Salicylic acid,which we have already talked about on chapter ten,had great effect against inflammation.Cardiac glycosides(molecule of Digitalis)had effect on the heart diseases.Digoxin molecule is an example of cardiac glycoside.Looking at the structure of Digoxin,Digoxin consists of three sugar units and a steroid ring system.Another extract from Digitalis is digitoxin,which is very similar to digoxin,digoxin lacks only OH group on the C ring.
Witches were believed to be able to fly.Another word,if you are able to fly,then you are a witch.It seems to be impossible,but some accused witches confessed that they flown up to the sky.Alkaloids was responsible for this strange phenomenon.Alkaloid can affect human nerves,hallucinating people.The Witches’ flying salves(greases and ointments)were made from two plants.One was mandrake plant.Mandrake plant had been used during the ancient time as sexual vitality.Rumor said that mandrake plant grow beneath a gallow,spring life from the released semen of the condemned men.The another one was belladonna.Women would like to drop squeezed juice from belladonna into their eyes to dilate pupils.
All Mandrake contain alkaloids.Hyoscyamine and hyoscine are the two main alkaloids.Hyoscyamine is known as astropine,which is still being used today.Atropine(from hyoscyamine) solution can be used to dilate the pupil of eye for ophthalmic examination.Scopolamine(from hyoscine),is used as the anesthetic.Scopolamine has eupnoric properties,astronaut use scopolamine as a treatment for motion sickness in space.
Recall what I have mentioned,alkaloids is toxic.But alkaloids can be used as an antidote for more toxic compounds.In 1995,nerve gases(sarin) was released by terrorists in the Tokyo subway,and it was Alkaloids saved people’s lives.because Alkaloids could block the production of the messenger molecule carried by sarin that affect nerves of people.
In fact,those supposed witches did not truely fly up to the sky,they just felt the hallucination cause by alkaloids.And they thought they really flew up to the sky,that was why they confessed that they are witches.
Ergot alkaloids.a destructive molecule,people had suffered Ergot alkaloids for centuries.Ergot alkaloids usually infect cereal grains,especially rye.One of these alkaloids,ergotamine,causes blood vessels to constrict.And another one,ergonovine,induces spontaneous abortion in human and livestock.In medieval time,this disease was named after:holy fire,which was related to the terrible searing pain and blackened extremities caused by gangrene.
Again,people of the day would always point their finger on witches.They believe that people who were affected by this diseased were conjured by witches.However,this thinking is quite understandable.How come people in this village suffered diseases hardly and there was no sign of disease in adjacent village.Ergot alkaloids tend to grow in a damp condition.If foods were stored in a damp condition,then it would be a perfect place for fungus to flourish.In the face of famine,people had no choice,they had to eat infected gain.
Ergot alkaloids had played a significant role in history.During the first century B.C,an epidemic of ergotism had greatly reduce the quantity and effectiveness of Caesar’s army(Roman empire),curtailing his ambitions to enlarge the Roman Empire.And in 1722,the Great’s Cossacks camped at Astrakhan.Both the solider and their horses are contaminated rye.Ergotism killed twenty thousand troops and crippled the tsar’s army and stopped Russia from marching to the southern port on the Black Sea.
In July 1789,Ergot was responsible for the failing of peasants riot in France.Records show that a number of peasants lost their mind due to ‘bad flour’.Flours were kept in a warm and wet condition during spring and summer,and it was exactly a perfect condition for fungus to flourish.Ergotism was much prevalent among poor people,it is easy to think that high class people always have better foods and living conditions than poor people,so they did not affected by ergotism.
All Alkaloids of ergot have the same common chemical feature(four rings).Lysergic acid is the derivative molecule of ergot alkaloids,and the OH group of Lysergic acid could be replaced by other groups,giving molecules different names and properties.For example,Ergotamine,which is used to treat severe migraine headaches, and Ergovine,which is used to treat postpartum hemorrhages.
LSD ,the 25th derivative of lysergic acid made by Albert Hofmann.Hofmann took LSD orally,and he found himself under a stream of fantastic pictures.Since then,LSD was known that it had a property creating illusions.
It is true that alkaloids had taken lives away from many innocent women,nowadays alkaloids molecules are being used as medicines to treat mental diseases.
Its interesting how witches who felt like they were able to fly. The alkaloids were so powerful that the witches actually believed they went through a flying experience.
回复删除