If we were to talk about Morphine,Nicotine and Caffeine,the first idea that come to our minds might be:they are bad for health,or they are addictive.Yes,they could be really harmful to our body with megadose.But if we use them wisely,they will bring benefits to us.Nowadays,Morphine,Nicotine,and Caffeine are used vastly in medicine.Without them,our world now might be very different.
Opium poppy,originated in eastern Mediterranean region.Opium was brought to Europe from India During 330 BC,and opium slowly spread out to eastward and China in seventh century.
During the middle of the seventeenth century,the smoking of tobacco was banned by Chinese emperor,and opium became a substitute for tobacco.Opium was really addictive,and the inhaling of opium could make people very sick.So opium was banned in 1729 like tobacco.But it was too late,people had already became addicted to opium and merchants still imported opium illegally.During 1869,Chinese government confiscated and destroyed a year’s supply of opium.That act resulted the declaration of war from British.China was defeated in the Fist Opium war,and was forced to open five ports to British trade.China was defeated again in The Second opium war,more unfair treaties were signed.In fact,if we think logically,Opium war could be a good thing for China.Because before Opium war,China was under a cruel feudalism,no contacts with outher countries no trade with other countries,which caused china lag behind the time.People were extremely poor and ignorant.It was opium opened the closed door of China.
Morphine is primarily used to treat both acute and chronic severe pain.Morphine was the main component of opium(about 10 percent).Morphine is a pain relieving molecule,it’s often used for patients after surgery,relieving pain from the wound.
Morphine has a three-ring structure.Author also showed us a few derivatives of Morphine:Codeine and Diacetylmorphine.Codeine,less powerful analgesic,can be made from morphine by replacing OH group in Morphine with a CH3O group.And Diacetylmorphine,more effective than morphine,has two CH3COO groups that replaces two OH groups in morphine.Both Codeine and Diacetylmorphine are addictive.
Morphine mimic the action of endorphins,which is the compound found in our brains that acts as a pain reliever.Endorphins and morphine have a structural feature in common:they all contain a β-phenylethylamine unit.
People believe that effects of morphine and its analogs are due to four common structures:1,a phenyl or aromatic ring.2,a quaternary carbon that a carbon atom directly attached to four other carbon atoms.3.CH2-CH2 group attached to 4. A tertiary N atom.
Tobacco,known by Christopher Columbus when he landed in the New World,and he introduced tobacco to Europe.The use of tobacco quickly throughout Europe. People started to realized the addictive and side effect of Nicotine.During 1634,smoking was banned in Russia.But 50 years later,this edict was removed. And tobacco quick spread all over the world.
Nicotine is the main component of tobacco(about 2-8 percent),a small dose of nicotine acts as a stimulant of the central nerves system,a large dose works as a depressant.The magical effect of Nicotine is that it can either calm people down or excite people depending on the situation.the primary therapeutic use of nicotine is in treating nicotine dependence in order to eliminate smoking with the damage it does to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gums, dermal patches, lozenges, electronic/substitute cigarettes or nasal sprays in an effort to wean them off their dependence.
Nicotine is much toxic when absorbed through skin.When Nicotine is absorbed orally,it reacts with Stomach acid,which would break down Nicotine to other substances that are less toxic.Niacin(also known as vitamin B3 and nicotine acid),similar to Nicotine,is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human nutrients.Not enough niacin in the diet can cause nausea, skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Chronic Niacin deficiency leads to a disease called pellagra.
Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants, It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the seed of the coffee plant.Caffeine is a central nervous system and metabolic stimulant,[7] and is used both recreationally and medically to reduce physical fatigue and to restore alertness when drowsiness occurs. People believe that caffeine blocks the effect of adenosine( a molecule that decreases the rate of spontaneous nerve firing)in the brain.Therefore,caffeine can induce sleep.
However caffeine is toxic,a large dose of caffeine would cause death.But a cup of coffee only contains of 80 to 180 milligrams of caffeine,which means that approximately 55 to 125 cups of coffee has to be drunk in order to become dangerous.
Morphine,Opium,Caffeine.People have been chasing these three molecules for centuries.Wars,slave trades and the accumulation of wealth are all results of these three molecule.Without them,China might still under feudalism.Without them,there would not be any African slaves transported to America. It is obvious that Morphine,opium,Caffeine have greatly changed the shape of our world.
Its interesting how nicotine is much more potent when absorbed through the skin.
回复删除I was really not expecting that this three molecules, were all connected and involved in the opium wars. To think that this molecules were so important that wars were promoted by them is really strange and interessting.
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