Pepper is one of the most commonly used spice nowadays.Pepper has 2 main effects:preservative and flavor enhancer.People now do not use pepper as preservative any more,it is generally used as flavor enhancer now.People like its hot taste,which makes tasteless foods more flavorous.Tracing back to hundreds years ago,pepper had a great influence and position.
Pepper originated in India,and it is assumed that Arabs introduced pepper to Europe.Romans discovered the use of pepper as preservative.There were no refrigerators of the day,so finding a effective preservative had been a serious task.Because pepper can slow down the decay of foods and disguise the taste of rotten food,pepper was welcomed with great acclaim by roman
By the fifteenth century,pepper trade was monopolized by Venetian,and venetian traders made a great profit from pepper trade.Due to attraction of such a great profit,other countries such as Portugal and Spain started their navigation,aiming to find new routes to get to India.Christopher Columbus,a great navigator who aimed to get to India by traveling westward,that was how Columbus discovered NEW WORLD(continents of North and South America).
Because financing a voyage to India has a very high risk,people tend to invest their money,therefore if the voyage fail to arrive or return,investors don’t have to afford their loss individually,and if the voyage succeed,they can share their profit together.That was the beginning of Capitalism
So what makes pepper have a hot taste?Let us have a look on piperine,which is the ingredient of both black and white pepper,its chemical formula is C17H19O3N.Our taste buds can detect sour,sweet,salt and bitter,hot is not included.In fact hot is not a taste,but a kind of pain.The hot sensation of piperine is due to its shape,which can fit onto a protein on the pain nerve ending in our mouths and other parts of body.And the pain nerve can deliver the signal to brain,that is how our body detect “hot taste”.Before i read this chapter,i thought hot is the same as other four tastes.Now i know that i was wrong,hot is not a taste,but a sensation of pain.
Chili peppers grows on a number of species of the Capsicum genus.Chili pepper originated in Mexico,and any specie of chili could be tremendously different from each other.Capsaicin(C18H27O3) is responsible for their pungent flavors.
Comparing piperine with capsaicin,they both have a nitrogen atom attached to a carbon atom doubly bonded to oxygen.And they both have a aromatic ring.The shape of Capsaicin and Piperine are extremely familiar.Both chili pepper and black pepper give us a sensation of hot,so we can get the conclusion that hot sensation results from the shape of the molecule.
Zingerone is also a “hot” molecule,which is found in the underground stem of ginger plant.Unlike Capsaicin and piperine,Zingerone does not have nitrogen atom.And people feel that peppers that contains Zingerone are not as hot as those that contain piperine or Capsaicin.So i guess,nitrogen atom in Capsaicin and Piperine is also responsible for the hot sensation that people feel.
Clove and Nutmeg have the same popularity as pepper of the time.Clove oil was used as a powerful antiseptic and a remedy for toothache,Nutmeg had a great medical value,it has been used medicinally by many countries.In 1347,when plague outbroke in Europe,nutmeg was used as a talisman,because of effect of driving away the fleas or insects that carry bubonic plague bacteria.
Eugenol and Isoeugenol are the main component of cloves and nutmeg.The only difference between Eugenol and Isoeugenol is the position of the double bond.It is really hard to belive that they have distinctively different smell due to extremely familiar structure.
The other two molecules,Myristicin and Elemicin in nutmeg also had insecticidal properties.
Despite nutmeg has so many good effects,nutmeg would be harmful to our body if we ate it.Eating certain amount of nutmeg can give us nausea,profuse sweating and even death.Myristicin and Elemicin account for the negative effects of nutmeg.In fact Myristcin and Elemicin are not poisonous,it is possible that they are converted to poisonous molecules in our body. MDMA,which is a illegal drug and we generally call it Ecstasy.Ecstasy can cause feelings of euphoria (extreme happiness) . But it is really harmful to our body and people can become addicted to it.Safrole is the main component of Ecstasy,and Myristicin(from nutmeg)can become Safrole through a series of reactions in our body,that is why nutmeg can create illusions.
Nowadays,with the rapid development of technology and transportation.People have already found more effective preservatives to replace pepper,cloves and nutmeg..And the great demand for these three spices disappeared.But,people still can peppers,cloves and nutmeg in every store.We can not deny that even at present,pepper,clove and nutmeg still play a significant role in our society.
Yes indeed, with the rapid development of technology our society has found new ways of preserving foods, with the creation of fridges and freezers it allows us to preserve and store without adding anything to the food.
回复删除It's intersting how the only difference between isoeugenol and eugenol is the double bond, yet despite that small difference, theres a huge difference between both molecules.
回复删除I find it interesting how the shape of the molecules are what makes us feel the "hot" sensation from the spices.
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