Norethindrone,the fist contraceptive molecule,symbolized the sexual revolution of the 1960s,the women’s liberation movement and rise of feminism.During 1930s,giving out information or access on contraception was a crime(It sounds really ridiculous.)Poor women suffered unexpected pregnancy and large family size,accompanied by high rates of infant mortality and maternal death.On the contrary,middle and high class women kept information and access on contraception secretly.
There were some attempts adopted by people in early time.Men ate testicle of a castrated mule,and women ate kidney or uterus of a mule.The funniest one was a woman would be required to spit three times to the mouth of a fog,and the woman would become sterile.
All hormones in our body,for example androgens(male sex hormones) and estrogens(female sex hormones)are classified as steroids,which consists of fours rings(A,B,C,D) fused together.
Androsterone was isolated from the urine.Testosterone,the principal male sex hormone,was isolated from bull testes in 1935.Androsterone is metabolized form of Testosterone.If we were to compare their structures,we would notice that they are extremely similar.They differ from the groups attached to the D ring,for testosterone is OH group and Androsterone is a oxygen atom.
The fist female sex hormone estrone was isolated from the urine of pregnant women.Again,estrone is metabolized form of estradiol,which is the principal female sex hormone.Like Testosterone and Androsterone,the only difference between estrone and estradiol is on the D ring,where OH group in Estradiol is replace by a oxygen atom,forming Estrone.
The funny thing is,female sex hormone is very similar to male sex hormone.Testosterone(male) has one more CH3 group than Estradiol(female), a double-bonded oxygen instead of OH group and 1 C=C bond instead of 3.And this slight difference between hormone can cause a big difference between man and woman.
Artificial testosterones,Dianabol and Stanozolol,can be used as medicines against diseases that cause debilitating muscle deterioration,only a low dose of testosterone is enough.But if a megadose of those artificial hormones was used by people,the result would be horrible.For some athletes who want to use Dianabol and Stanozolol to promote their bodily function,those artificial hormones would not give any results that athletes expect,instead,those who take high amount of artificial hormone would suffer liver cancer,heart disease,severe acne,shriveled testicle and a series of disease.
Progesterone is the main pregnancy hormone.Progesterone is responsible for the fact that a pregnant woman can not become pregnant again.That is because the continuous supply of suppress the further ovulation.Progesterone can be used a contraceptive due to its property that suppress ovulation,but it also have 2 certain restrictions.Progesterone has to be injected to bodies,because it will react with acid exist in our stomach becoming other substances.And the second restriction is that progesterone is very scarce,it is not practical to extract enough progesterone molecules from the urine.The cost of isolating progesterone from urine was over 1000 dollars a gram of the day.
Russell Marker,an American chemist,had developed a method that extract progesterone from natural source.His discovery greatly decreased the cost of isolating progesterone.He found that the root of the sarsaparilla contains a large amount saponin,which he could make steroid from.Saponin molecule contains three sugar units and a steroid ring system that contains six rings.Three sugar unit could be removed from sarsasaponin through a reaction with acid or enzymes,becoming sarsasapogenin(six rings).To make progesterone,E and F ring of sarsasapogenin has to be removed.Russell Marker again discovered a new method that can remove E and F ring from sarsasapogenin,giving pure synthetic progesterone.During world war two,he went to Mexico and found a new plant that contains large amount of Diosgenin,which had similar chemical structure with Sarsasapogenin,for Disogenin had one C=C bond on B ring,while Sarsasapogenin had none.This new discovery made synthetic progesterone even cheaper.
Carl Djerassi,an American chemist,had made contraception more convenient.He successfully make an artificial progestin,a compound that could be taken orally.He and his group named their new product Norethindrone,nor indicates a missing CH3 group.Norethindrone was eight times more powerful than progesterone due to the removal of a CH3 group and the triple bonded CH group with a Carbon atom.
Birth control pills for men were also developed.Gossypol,polyphenol,has property that suppress the product of sperm of men.But gossypol molecule is toxic.According to the research,lower dose of gossypol(10 to 12.5mg daily) was not harmful to human being,and it did have effect that suppress sperm production.
The invention of the pill lead to a woman revolution.From then on,the number of woman in work places started to increase.Nowadays,women are treated as equally as men,the pill is definitely the main contributor of the equity of woman.
Who would've guessed that women would actually believe spitting in a frogs mouth would make them fertile. If you believe that you might as well think that the frog will be fertile. Not you.
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